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However, when introducing the origin of shield machine, Xiao Bian found an interesting phenomenon, which is about the inventor of shield machine — — Brunell, although experts agree that brunell was the first to register a shield patent and applied it in the construction of the Thames Tunnel, the introduction to him is somewhat vague. Some people say that it is French engineer brunauer, while others say that it is British engineer brunell, and Baidu Encyclopedia even confuses the relationship between the two.

Although there is no substantive result in discussing this issue, with the editor’s rigorous attitude, Xiaobian has sorted it out, and if there is anything wrong, please ask experts to correct me.

1. There are two people in brunell. They are father and son.

2. Father Marc Isambard Brunel (1769— In 1849), he was a joint applicant for the patent technology of drilling and digging tunnel boring machine. He is generally called the inventor of the shield patent, and was inspired by ship maggots (also known as chiseling shells). In 1818, brunell improved the mechanical system of the shield structure, and designed a closed shield shell with full-face spiral excavation (the first generation hand-dug shield machine).

3. Son Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806— 1859), a great British engineer, ranked second (second only to Winston Churchill) in the "100 Greatest Britons" selection held by the BBC in 2002, which Baidu Encyclopedia wrongly awarded to his father.

4. Father and son jointly participated in the construction of the Thames Tunnel (formally started in February 1825 and excavated in November 1841), which is an underwater tunnel buried under the Thames River bed in London, England. In 1865, the tunnel was acquired by the railway company and used for railway transportation to this day.

5. Father Mark isambard brunel should be French and have British nationality; My son, isambard kingdom brunel, is British because he was born in Britain and belongs to French-English.

6. Comparatively speaking, isambard kingdom brunel, his son, seems to have made greater achievements. His contribution is not only to build the Thames Tunnel, but also to host the construction of the Great Western Railway, a series of steamships (including the first large steamship with a propeller across the Atlantic) and many important bridges. He revolutionized public transportation, modern engineering and other fields. At present, there are statues of brunell all over Britain, all of which should be based on their sons.

◎ Brunel University (English: Brunel University, founded in 1966) is a public research university located in the suburb of Oxbridge in London, England, named after isambard kingdom brunel, a Victorian engineer;

◎ In 2006, the Royal Mint minted a commemorative coin of 2 pounds for brunell to commemorate the 200th anniversary of his birth;

◎ At the opening ceremony of the London Olympic Games in 2012, brunell made another appearance. In the second chapter, Green and Pleasant Land, Kenneth Bleiner, an English Shakespeare dramatist who played brunell, recited lines from Shakespeare’s comedy The Tempest. His first line, "Don’t be afraid, the island is full of all kinds of sounds", was also engraved on the Olympic clock hanging on the spot.

◎ The trophy of ITA Engineering Award in 2018 is the statue of British engineer isambard kingdom brunel.

[Extended reading]: The efforts of two generations of father and son — — Construction of Thames Tunnel

In 1823, Mark isambard brunel began to prepare for the construction of the tunnel from Weiping to Lothi with this technology. In 1824, he was funded by a number of private investors, including the Duke of Wellington, to set up the Thames Tunnel Company. The tunnel was formally started in February, 1825. The first step of the project was to dig the starting shaft 46 meters away from the shore in Lothi, on the south bank. For this reason, a huge steel ring with a diameter of 15 meters was made. The lining with a height of 12 meters and a thickness of 91 cm was built in the steel ring, and then the steam engine was used to drive the digging pump. The whole drilling and digging device was estimated to weigh 1,000 tons (1 ton = 1.016069088 tons). The edge at the bottom of the shield cuts the soft soil below like a blade. The soil accumulated in the steel ring is manually removed by workers, and the device slowly sinks under its own weight. At that time, the cutting device was stuck by the surrounding soil after sinking to a certain depth, and about 50 thousand bricks were temporarily loaded in order to keep it sinking. In November 1825, Lothi’s drilling and excavation device was completely lowered to the design depth, and the tunnel excavation process began.

The parts of the shield machine for tunneling were manufactured by the mechanical inventor Henry Maudslay’s workshop in Lamberthz and transported to the Lothi drilling site for assembly. The original shield machine consists of 12 large iron plates arranged side by side vertically, and then divided into three horizontal columns by two iron plates to provide a foothold for the upper and middle floors, thus forming 36 working spaces, and each space has a movable door panel against the soil in the drilling direction. A worker removes the door panel from each compartment, digs out a certain amount of soil in front of it, and then fixes the door panel in the depth of the dug space with tools. Each grid at the top and bottom of the shield machine will use giant screws to support the brick wall section behind the tunnel wall. When the soil in front of the shield machine has been dug away, the workers will turn the screws to make the shield machine go deeper. While the workers on the shield machine dig away the soil, another group of workers will keep laying brick walls behind them.

Each vertical iron plate of the shield machine weighs more than 7 tons, and the whole shield machine weighs about 80 tons. The advantage of this tunnel drilling and excavation method is to provide support for the inside of the tunnel to reduce the risk of collapse. However, many workers and engineers, including brunell, are infected by underground sewage flowing into the tunnel through the river bed, which will release methane gas and cause an explosion because of the ignition of oil lamps. In April 1826, after John Armstrong, a resident engineer, fell ill, brunell’s then 20-year-old son isambard kingdom brunel took over the baton. The progress of drilling and excavation is very slow, and the tunnel advances about 3 to 4 meters per week. On May 18, 1827, when the tunnel was dug to 167 meters, it was suddenly flooded. In order to stop the water seepage, Isambard entered the tunnel with a dinghy, swam to the top of the water seepage tunnel wall with a diving bell and plugged the cracks with sandbags. After the repair and pumping were completed, he held a banquet at the accident site in November to prove to the public that the underwater tunnel was safe.

In order to subsidize the project cost, the tunnel company opened the site for foreigners to visit. At that time, the admission fee was 1 shilling per person and attracted about 600 to 800 visitors every day.

On January 12, 1828, the tunnel was flooded again, which resulted in the death of six workers. Isambard fled to a locked emergency exit. A contractor behind the emergency exit noticed that someone was calling for help on the other side of the door, broke the door and rescued Isambard, who was in a coma. After being rescued, Isambard learned of the bid to build a bridge across Avon Canyon during his six-month convalescence. He won the project and built the Clifton suspension bridge later. Due to the subsequent financial problems, the tunnel was put on hold for seven years in August of that year, and the back of the shield machine was blocked by brick walls.

In December 1834, Mark isambard brunel successfully applied to the British Treasury for a loan of 247,000 pounds to continue the project. In August 1835, the original shield machine was dismantled and removed because it was aging. In March 1836, the improved shield machine weighing 140 pounds was replaced and the drilling and excavation continued. However, until 1840, the tunnel was flooded four times, and the fire, methane and hydrogen sulfide gas leakage continued to delay the construction progress. Finally, the tunnel was built in November 1841. From 1841 to 1842, the Thames Tunnel was paved with roads and lighting, and a spiral staircase was built at the exit for pedestrians to get up and down, which was opened to the public on March 25, 1843. The workshop on the Lothi side was converted into a storage place for pumping equipment to pump away the leaking groundwater when necessary, and this workshop was later converted into a museum to show the history of tunnels.

The Thames Tunnel is the first tunnel excavated by shield technology in the world, so it is a milestone of great significance in the history of tunnel engineering. Today, the Thames Tunnel has become a part of the London underground system, and thousands of Londoners rush through this gorgeous tunnel every day. At the same time, the Thames Tunnel has become a world-famous public attraction. (Source: Tunnel and Underground Engineering Lecture Hall)

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　　At the end of April, Ma Kaishuo, a professor at the National University of Singapore, attended the theme dialogue on Sino-US relations at DBS Bank, calling on Biden’s government to abandon the previous government’s wrong cognition and policies on China, adjust three understandings and change five policies.

　　Three point about adjustment

　　First, what are the more important long-term interests for the United States? If you want to know what is more important in dealing with China, the interests of the American people or the global hegemony of the United States. The Biden administration should give priority to the interests of the people and ensure that Trump will never come back.

　　Second, does China want to replace the United States as the global hegemon? China people’s world outlook is very different from that of Americans. China people just want to be respected and don’t want to change other people’s lifestyles. China doesn’t think its own system is applicable to any country, and it won’t interfere with other countries in choosing their own systems and models, and doesn’t want to change other people’s lifestyles. If China doesn’t want to replace the global hegemony of the United States, what does the United States have to fight against?

　　Third, what is the key factor that determines the competition between China and the United States? The United States has not yet understood that the fundamental competition in East Asia is not military, but economic. Americans always say empty-handed, "You must face China bravely and let us unite". China people said, "We want to help you build roads, bridges or ports". How can the United States make other countries give up their real interests and sacrifice their relations with China for the United States?

　　About changing five policies

　　It is not in Biden’s interest to continue the Trump administration’s China policy, and Trump’s China policy should be terminated wisely.

　　First, cancel all tariffs and sanctions imposed on China. These measures failed to hurt China, let alone help American workers or benefit American consumers. If the Biden administration doesn’t cancel these measures, it’s like threatening China that if it doesn’t listen to me, I will shoot myself in the foot again.

　　Second, stop publicly insulting China. Pompeo’s claim that there is "genocide" in Xinjiang is a complete lie. And Blinken is still repeating Pompeo’s argument. The United States has also made great mistakes in encouraging violence in Hong Kong. Pelosi said, "What happened in Hong Kong is a beautiful scenery", and I believe she should understand the meaning of this sentence later, because the same thing happened in the United States. Public insult is not the right way to deal with international relations, and the United States should try to have a dialogue with China on the basis of mutual respect.

　　Third, don’t cross the line on the Taiwan Province issue. The Taiwan Province issue is the red line of China, and there is no room for discussion. If there is any indication that the United States, Japanese, Indian or any other country is pushing the "Taiwan independence", it is tantamount to pushing China into a corner.

　　Fourth, change the strategy of the quadrilateral mechanism. The quadrilateral mechanism is an anti-China alliance under the Cold War mentality, which reflects that the United States lacks a strategy to deal with China’s return to the world stage. Why did more than 50 countries in Asia, even South Korea, an American ally, not apply for membership, because they did not agree to establish a new military alliance similar to the Cold War to balance China. This mechanism lacks long-term motivation and is unstable. The Biden administration should make a U-turn in Trump policy including this mechanism.

　　Fifth, really attach importance to regional economic cooperation. The advantage of China’s "One Belt, One Road" initiative is that the China administration has done better than the US government, but the US private sector has an advantage over the China private sector. The United States makes good use of these resources and develops benign competition and cooperation with China.

　　On the evening of December 16, the first mainstream pure electric sedan "Geely Galaxy E8" based on the SEA architecture officially opened for pre-sale at the 2023 Geely Automobile User Conference. The new car launched a total of 5 versions (550km Pro, 550km MAX, 665km Starship, Voyage Edition, 665km Starship, Smart Driving Edition, 620km Starship, Performance Edition), with a pre-sale price of 188,000 yuan. The new car will be officially launched and delivered in January 2024.

　　The Geely Galaxy E8 was launched on October 30 this year. It is based on the SEA vast architecture and is the first intelligent pure electric flagship sedan of the Geely Galaxy series. It is also Geely’s first product based on the SEA architecture. It has a first-mover advantage in the three-electric system, vehicle control experience, and body safety framework.

　　The Galaxy E8 adopts the new design language of "Ripple of Light", and is equipped with the world’s first mass-produced integrated luminous front face, which is highly recognizable. The interior is equipped with a 45-inch ultra-wide screen and a new generation of Qualcomm Snapdragon 8295 flagship cockpit chips. It integrates the latest technology and is a masterpiece of Geely Technology’s car manufacturing.

　　The Geely Galaxy E8 inherits the brand’s unique "ripple aesthetics" and innovates a new "ripple of light" design language. It has a very cool rhythmic grille and is also the world’s first mass-produced integrated luminous front face. The grille has a luminous matrix composed of 158 windows, with a luminous area of 0.105m. It not only inherits Geely’s classic ripple symbol design, but also jumps out of the homogenization route of electric vehicle design, creating a new paradigm of intelligent electric vehicle design in China.

　　The attitude of the Geely Galaxy E8 is close to that of a coupe model, and the roof line is very smooth. At the same time, thanks to the streamlined body, external AGS active air intake grille, low wind resistance closed pneumatic wheel rim and other 25 low wind resistance designs in the whole car, the Geely Galaxy E8 wind resistance coefficient is only 0.199Cd. The length, width and height of the Geely Galaxy E8 are 5010/1920/1465mm respectively, and the wheelbase is 2925mm. The through-type tail light group of the Geely Galaxy E8 has rich lamp cavity lines, and visually forms a signal linkage with the high-mounted brake lights, thus creating a good visual effect and recognition. In addition, the exaggerated diffuser and ducktail design at the tail enhance the sports atmosphere, while effectively reducing the rear turbulence, reducing the wind resistance by 10counts, and improving the battery life.

　　Geely Galaxy E8 is inspired by the four seasons and characteristic scenery of West Lake, and has launched six body colors, including: Begonia powder (Quyuan wind lotus), smoke gray (double peaks insert clouds), autumn apricot yellow (thunder peak sunset), Zhiqiuhong (Huagang viewing fish), first snow silver (lake mirror first snow), willow frost white (Su Di winter pen), providing consumers with a richer choice.

　　Geely Galaxy E8 is equipped with a 45-inch 8K screen, with an effective display area size of 1130mm * 138mm, a 7.5mm border, a screen ratio of 98%, and a thickness of 9.8mm. The screen pixel is 7680 × 936, achieving a quasi-retina-level 8K pixel density. When the vehicle is in P gear, this large screen also supports direct connection of mobile phones or handles to play games. Geely Galaxy E8 is equipped with a new generation of Qualcomm Snapdragon 8295 flagship cockpit chips and a new car system. It adopts a 5nm process, and the AI computing power reaches 30TOPS. Compared with 8155 (7nm) GPU, the overall performance is improved by 2 times and the 3D rendering performance is improved by 3 times. The Geely Galaxy E8 is equipped with a round double-spoke steering wheel and a half-spoke steering wheel (optional) for consumers to choose from, and has integrated knobs in the control area under the center console.　

　　Geely Galaxy E8 is equipped with a 4D zero-pressure cloud seat, which supports 12-way electric adjustment of the main driver seat/electric waist support + 4-way electric adjustment of the passenger seat + ventilation and heating of the main/passenger seat + memory welcome of the main/passenger seat, providing a rich riding experience. In addition, the passenger seat is laid at an angle of 180 °, supports one-click automatic leveling, and can be connected with the rear seat cushion.

　　Geely Galaxy E8 is equipped with: front door electronic unlocking, 50W mobile phone wireless charging, 25.6-inch AR-HUD head-up display, HARMAN INFINITY sound system + headrest audio, intelligent air conditioner, FACE ID facial recognition, OMS entertainment camera, electric rear tailgate, 256-color intelligent chasing ambient light, rear seat ventilation and heating and other functions.

　　Geely Galaxy E8 two-wheel drive (rear drive) model has a motor power of 200kW and a torque of 343Nm; the four-wheel drive model has a motor power of 475kW (165kW + 310kW) and a torque of 710Nm; in addition, the power battery pack of the vehicle adopts a new generation of silicon carbide electronic control technology, and the cruising range can be increased by 5-10% compared with the previous generation. According to official data, the 0-100km/h acceleration time of Geely Galaxy E8 two-wheel drive (rear drive) model is 5.95s, and the 0-100km/h acceleration time of four-wheel drive model is 3.49s. The maximum speed can reach 210km/h.

　　Geely Galaxy E8 is officially defined by Geely Automobile as "China’s new generation of pure electric flagship". With a new generation of flagship architecture, a new generation of flagship cockpit, a new generation of flagship driving control, a new generation of flagship safety, a new generation of flagship design and other leapfrog hardcore strength, Geely Galaxy E8 is expected to become one of the most competitive flagship products in the current B-class pure electric cars. (Source: Geely Galaxy)